This page provides an overview of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency’s (CISA's) assessment of the Iranian government’s malicious cyber activities. The overview leverages publicly available, open-source intelligence and information regarding this threat. This page also includes a complete list of related CISA publications, many of which are jointly authored with other U.S. government agencies (Note: unless specifically stated, neither CISA nor the U.S. Government attributed specific activity described in the referenced sources to Iranian government actors). Additionally, this page provides instructions on how to report related threat activity.
Iranian cyber threat actors have been continuously improving their offensive cyber capabilities. Iran has exercised its increasingly sophisticated cyber capabilities to suppress certain social and political activity, and to harm regional and international adversaries. They continue to engage in conventional offensive cyber activities ranging from website defacement, spearphishing, distributed denial-of-service attacks, and theft of personally identifiable information, to more advanced activities—including destructive malware, social media-driven influence operations, and, potentially, cyberattacks intended to cause physical consequences.
The U.S. intelligence community and various private sector threat intelligence organizations have identified Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) as a driving force behind Iranian state-sponsored cyberattacks, either through IRGC contractors in the Iranian private sector or by the IRGC itself. According to the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence 2021 Annual Threat Assessment, "Iran’s expertise and willingness to conduct aggressive cyber operations make it a significant threat to the security of US and allied networks and data." The Assessment states that "Iran has the ability to conduct attacks on critical infrastructure, as well as to conduct influence and espionage activities."[1]
Latest U.S. Government Report on Iranian Malicious Cyber Activity
On November 16, 2022, CISA and FBI released a joint CSA about an incident at an FCEB organization in which Iranian government-sponsored APT actors exploited a Log4Shell vulnerability in an unpatched VMware Horizon server. This advisory includes a MAR on the mining software that the APT actors used against the compromised FCEB network.
The Iranian Malicious Cyber Activity section below lists all CISA Advisories, Alerts, and Malware Analysis Reports (MARs) on Iranian malicious cyber activities.
Iranian Malicious Cyber Activity
Much of the information contained in the Advisories, Alerts, and MARs listed below is the result of analytic efforts between CISA, the U.S. Department of Defense, and FBI to provide technical details on the tools and infrastructure used by Iranian state-sponsored cyber actors. The publications below include descriptions of Iranian malicious cyber activity, technical details, and recommended mitigations. Users and administrators should flag activity associated with the information in the products listed in table 1 below, report the activity to CISA or FBI Cyber Watch (CyWatch), and give the activity the highest priority for enhanced mitigation.
Table 1: CISA and Joint CISA Publications
|
Publication Date |
Title |
Description |
|---|---|---|
| November 16, 2022 |
CISA and FBI released a joint CSA about an incident at an FCEB organization in which Iranian government-sponsored APT actors exploited a Log4Shell vulnerability in an unpatched VMware Horizon server. This advisory includes a MAR on the mining software that the APT actors used against the compromised FCEB network. |
|
| September 23, 2022 |
Iranian State Actors Conduct Cyber Operations Against the Government of Albania |
FBI and CISA have released this joint Cybersecurity Advisory to provide information on recent cyber operations against the Government of Albania in July and September, 2022. This advisory provides a timeline of activity observed, from initial access to execution of encryption and wiper attacks. |
| September 14, 2022 |
FBI, CISA, NSA, USCC, CNMF, the Treasury, ACSC, CCCS, and the NCSC highlights continued malicious cyber activity by advanced persistent threat (APT) actors that the authoring agencies assess are affiliated with the Iranian Government’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). |
|
| February 24, 2022 |
CISA, FBI, CNMF, NCSC-UK, NSA Malware Analysis Report: MAR–10369127–1.v1 – MuddyWater |
CISA, FBI, FNMF, NCSC-UK, and NSA have released a joint MAR providing detailed analysis of 23 files identified as MuddyWater tools. |
| February 24, 2022 |
CISA, FBI, CNMF, NCSC-UK, and NSA have released a joint Cybersecurity Advisory highlighting a group of Iranian government-sponsored advanced persistent threat (APT) actors, known as MuddyWater, conducting cyber espionage and other malicious cyber operations targeting a range of government and private-sector organizations across sectors in Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America. |
|
| November 17, 2021 |
CISA, FBI, ACSC, and NCSC have released a joint CSA on Iranian government-sponsored APT actors exploiting Microsoft Exchange and Fortinet vulnerabilities to gain initial access in advance of follow-on operations. The Iranian government-sponsored APT actors are actively targeting a broad range of multiple U.S. critical infrastructure sectors as well as Australian organizations. |
|
| July 20, 2021 |
U.S. Government attributed previously published activity targeting industrial control systems to Iranian nation-state cyber actors. |
|
| October 30, 2020 |
CISA and FBI released a Joint CSA on an Iranian APT actor targeting U.S. state websites, including elections websites, to obtain voter registration data. The Advisory provides indicators of compromise (IOCs) and recommended mitigations for affected entities. |
|
| October 22, 2020 |
CISA and FBI released an Advisory warning about Iranian APT actors likely intent on influencing and interfering with the 2020 U.S. elections to sow discord among voters and undermine public confidence in the U.S. electoral process. |
|
| September 15, 2020 |
CISA-FBI Joint Cybersecurity Advisory: Iran-Based Threat Actor Exploits VPN Vulnerabilities |
CISA and FBI released a Joint CSA on an Iran-based malicious cyber actor targeting several U.S. federal agencies and other U.S.-based networks. The Advisory analyzes the threat actor’s tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs); IOCs; and exploited Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures. The MAR details the functionality of malicious files—including multiple components of the China Chopper Web Shell—used by Iranian-based malicious cyber actors. |
| January 06, 2020 |
CISA Alert: Potential for Iranian Cyber Response to U.S. Military Strike in Baghdad |
In light of heightened tensions between the United States and Iran, CISA released an Alert and an “Insights” analysis providing Iranian government and affiliated cyber threat actor TTPs and an overview of Iran’s cyber threat profile, respectively. |
Report Activity Related to This Threat
CISA encourages all organizations to urgently report any additional information related to this threat. Users and administrators should flag associated activity, report the activity to CISA (see below) or FBI Cyber Watch (CyWatch), and give the activity the highest priority for enhanced mitigation.
- 1-888-282-0870 (From outside the United States: +1-703-235-8832)
- Central@cisa.gov (UNCLASS)
CISA encourages you to report any suspicious activity, including cybersecurity incidents, possible malicious code, software vulnerabilities, and phishing-related scams. Reporting forms can be found on the CISA homepage at https://www.us-cert.cisa.gov/.
Mitigate and Detect This Threat
CISA recommends users and administrators review the publications in the Iranian Malicious Cyber Activity section as well as the following resources for descriptions of tactics and techniques associated with this threat and recommended mitigations and detections. Note: unless specifically stated, neither CISA nor the U.S. Government attributed specific activity described in the referenced sources to Iranian government actors.
Respond to an Incident
CISA recommends users and administrators consult the Joint Advisory, Technical Approaches to Uncovering and Remediating Malicious Activity, which details technical approaches to uncovering malicious activity and includes mitigation steps according to best practices. This Joint Advisory is the result of a collaborative research effort by the cybersecurity authorities of five nations: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
References
[1] U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence | 2021 Annual Threat Assessment | April 9, 2021 | URL: https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ATA-2021-Unclassified-Report.pdf